{"id":667,"date":"2019-03-19T18:52:21","date_gmt":"2019-03-19T23:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?p=667"},"modified":"2019-03-19T18:52:21","modified_gmt":"2019-03-19T23:52:21","slug":"the-hosts-of-heaven","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/","title":{"rendered":"The Hosts of Heaven"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"As modern people, when we think of the sun and the stars, we think of masses of incandescent gas; gigantic nuclear furnaces in which hydrogen is transformed into helium at, literally, astronomical temperatures.\u00a0 When we think of the moon, we think of a large dusty rock which orbits around the earth every 27 days.\u00a0 At some level, we are aware that ancient people did not think of them this way.\u00a0 We believe that our modern understanding is superior because it is based on mathematics and scientific observation.\u00a0 Ancient explanations and descriptions are viewed as quaint folktales and myths now supplanted by real knowledge.\u00a0 This creates a difficulty for modern readers of the holy scriptures, as those scriptures are quickly seen to not be based in the modern view.\u00a0 Modernity has had two typical response to this dilemma.\u00a0 On one hand, the Biblical references are dismissed as some sort of condescension by God in his revelation to primitive people or outright fairy tales.\u00a0 On the other, a modern understanding of these things is read back into the Biblical stories, so that the text of scripture is claimed to actually be talking about the clouds of gas undergoing nuclear fusion in the depths of space.\u00a0 Both of these modern approaches represent a failure of modern people to listen to and properly hear the Biblical text and what it is attempting to tell us.\u00a0 What the scriptures say about the stars of heaven, they are actually saying about our destiny as human persons in Christ.<\/p>\n

Stars are repeatedly and consistently in scripture connected with angelic beings.\u00a0 The term ‘heavenly host’ or ‘the host of heaven’ is used consistently to refer both to astronomical bodies visible in the sky (cf. Gen 2:1; Ps 33:6; Jer 33:22) and the angelic beings as a group (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Is 24:21; 34:4; Dan 4:35; Luke 2:13).\u00a0 In most cases, it is not clear which of these two is in view in a particular reference.\u00a0 It appears most likely that the reference is to both (Deut 4:19; 17:3; 2 Kgs\/4Kgdms 17:16; 21:3-5; 23:4-5; 2 Chron 33:3-5; Neh 9:6; Jer 8:2; 19:13; Dan 8:10; Zeph 1:5; Acts 7:42).\u00a0 The title of the God of Israel, Yahweh Sabaoth, is directly related.\u00a0 Sabaoth is the substantive form of the Hebrew verb ‘tsavah’ meaning ‘to command’ or ‘to set in order’, hence its typical translation as ‘hosts’ with a military connotation.\u00a0 Yahweh Sabaoth proclaims his powers as the God of gods, worshipped by all of the heavenly powers.\u00a0 This same interplay can be seen in references in the scriptures to the stars and to angels (Job 38:7; Mark 13:25; Rev 1:20).<\/p>\n

This is not, however, a primitive confusion.\u00a0 Ancient people did not believe that the lights in the sky were angels, whereas now we moderns understand that they are balls of gases.\u00a0 Rather, all ancient people, both inside and outside of Israel, understood that there were spiritual powers associated with the governance of every aspect of the created order.\u00a0 Nature spirits and gods were associated with all of the elements of the natural world, including those objects in the heavens above, those on the earth beneath, and those in the abyss beneath the earth (Ex 20:4; Deut 5:8).\u00a0 The scriptures do not dispute that these beings exist.\u00a0 Rather, they describe these beings as spiritual beings created by God which are either in service to or rebellion against him.\u00a0 In speech, ancient people often did not distinguish between a person or object and the spiritual powers which stood behind it and animated it.\u00a0 This represents a particular view of the sovereignty of God, that he governs his creation through the members of his divine council.\u00a0 At the creation, a share in that governance was also given to humanity (Gen 1:26).<\/p>\n

Philo of Alexandria describes the Jewish belief in the first century AD in the following way:\u00a0 “Some have supposed that the sun and moon and the other stars were gods with absolute powers and ascribed to them the causation of all events.\u00a0 But Moses held that the universe was created and is in a sense the greatest of commonwealths, having magistrates and subjects.\u00a0 For magistrates, all the heavenly bodies fixed and wandering.\u00a0 For subjects, such beings as exist below the moon, in the air or on the earth.\u00a0 These magistrates, however, in his view do not have unconditional powers but are lieutenants of the one Father of all.\u00a0 And it is by mimicking the example of his governance exercised according to law and justice over all created beings that they acquit themselves aright…So all the gods which the senses know in the heavens must not be supposed to possess absolute power but to have received the rank of subordinate rulers, naturally liable to correction…let us proceed to give honor to the immaterial, invisible, understood by the intellect alone, who is not only the God of gods, whether perceived by sense or by mind, but also the maker of all” (Special Laws<\/em>, 1.3).\u00a0 When St. Paul decries the nations for having worshipped creating beings rather than the creator, he is not speaking of the material stuff from which idols were made, but rather of the spiritual powers who were being worshipped instead of God Most High (Rom 1:25; 1 Cor 10:20).\u00a0 St. Andrew of Caesarea describes this as also being the view of the Fathers in his interpretation of the Devil as the “prince and power of the air” (Eph 2:2).<\/p>\n

Philo’s statement was made in commentary on Deuteronomy 4:19-20, “Beware if you should lift your eyes to the heavens and seeing the sun and the moon and the stars and all the host of heaven be led away and bow down to them and serve them.\u00a0 These are things that Yahweh your God has allotted to all of the nations under all of the heavens. \u00a0 But Yahweh has taken you and brought you out of Egypt, the furnace of iron, in order to make you a nation to be his inheritance, as you are today.”\u00a0 After the Tower of Babel event, Yahweh had given over all the nations of the world to the governance of spiritual powers who, rather than imitating his governance, had become corrupt and begun to be worshipped by those nations (Deut 32:8, 17).\u00a0 But he had chosen Israel for his inheritance and had revealed himself to them so that they might know him and worship the true God (Ps 117:27 Gk.).\u00a0 The relationship of these spiritual beings as patrons and governors of various elements of creation remains, however, and continues into the present age.\u00a0 Just as Israel had St. Michael as her prince (Dan 10:21; 12:1), churches have angelic patrons (Rev 1:20).\u00a0 The rebellious gods of the nations are judged at the resurrection of Christ and thrown down (Ps 82).\u00a0 God’s sovereignty, however, remains the same, and so these fallen former holy ones are replaced with new holy ones (read: saints).\u00a0 And so, in the church, we now have not only angelic beings but glorified men as patrons of churches, cities, and nations.<\/p>\n

The destiny of human persons is not only described as coming to share in the governance of God over his creation.\u00a0 Our actual physical destiny, the destiny of our material bodies and their glorification, is associated with angelic beings.\u00a0 Daniel, speaking of the resurrection, says that the righteous will shine forever like the stars of heaven (Dan 12:3).\u00a0 Christ says that in the resurrection, human persons will be ‘like the angels’ (Mark 12:25; Matt 22:30).\u00a0 St. Paul speaks at length of the resurrection of the body in light of the bodily resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ.\u00a0 He directly utilizes the language of Deuteronomy 4 when he states, “There are celestial bodies and there are earthen bodies.\u00a0 There is one glory indeed of the celestial, and another now of the earthen.\u00a0 There is one glory of the sun and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, because a star is different from another star in its glory.\u00a0 So also is the resurrection of the dead.\u00a0 The body is sewn in corruption.\u00a0 It is raised in immortality.\u00a0 It is sewn in dishonor.\u00a0 It is raised in glory.\u00a0 It is sewn in weakness.\u00a0 It is raised in power.\u00a0 It is sewn an ensouled body.\u00a0 It is raised a Spirit-filled body.\u00a0 If there is an ensouled body, there is also a Spirit-filled body.\u00a0 Just as it has been written, “Into the first man, Adam, came a living soul,” into the last Adam came the Spirit who gives life” (1 Cor 15:40-45).<\/p>\n

For St. Paul, one consequence of the resurrection of Christ and the pouring out of the Holy Spirit is the glorification of humanity and this includes not only the soul but the physical body (Rom 8:17, 30).\u00a0 St. Paul never questions, but always affirms the physical, bodily resurrection.\u00a0 The transfiguring presence of God himself, however, transforms the human body from an earthen one to a celestial one as the angels possess.\u00a0 But this is not all.\u00a0 In Christ’s incarnation, death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven he has brought with him our shared human nature, such that our humanity now sits enthroned in the heavens in his person.\u00a0 Christ shares with us his own glory, the glory which he shared with the Father before the world was created (John 17:5).\u00a0 We are now, like the holy angels, rightly called ‘sons of God’, but in the resurrection, mankind has an even greater destiny: to be conformed to the likeness of Christ himself (1 John 3:2).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As modern people, when we think of the sun and the stars, we think of masses of incandescent gas; gigantic nuclear furnaces in which hydrogen is transformed into helium at, literally, astronomical temperatures.\u00a0 When we think of the moon, we think of a large dusty rock which orbits around the earth every 27 days.\u00a0 At some level, we are aware that ancient people did not think of them this way.\u00a0 We believe that our modern understanding is superior because it is based on mathematics and scientific observation.\u00a0 Ancient explanations and descriptions are viewed as quaint folktales and myths now supplanted by real knowledge.\u00a0 This creates a difficulty for modern readers of the holy scriptures, as those scriptures are quickly seen\u2026 <\/i> <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"The Hosts of Heaven - The Whole Counsel Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Hosts of Heaven - The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As modern people, when we think of the sun and the stars, we think of masses of incandescent gas; gigantic nuclear furnaces in which hydrogen is transformed into helium at, literally, astronomical temperatures.\u00a0 When we think of the moon, we think of a large dusty rock which orbits around the earth every 27 days.\u00a0 At some level, we are aware that ancient people did not think of them this way.\u00a0 We believe that our modern understanding is superior because it is based on mathematics and scientific observation.\u00a0 Ancient explanations and descriptions are viewed as quaint folktales and myths now supplanted by real knowledge.\u00a0 This creates a difficulty for modern readers of the holy scriptures, as those scriptures are quickly seen\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-03-19T23:52:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2019\/03\/2bafbe9444d6926ef9514083e869a22f.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/\",\"name\":\"The Hosts of Heaven - The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2019\/03\/2bafbe9444d6926ef9514083e869a22f.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-03-19T23:52:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-03-19T23:52:21+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2019\/03\/2bafbe9444d6926ef9514083e869a22f.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2019\/03\/2bafbe9444d6926ef9514083e869a22f.jpg\",\"width\":340,\"height\":500},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/19\/the-hosts-of-heaven\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The Hosts of Heaven\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\",\"name\":\"The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"description\":\"The Scriptures in the Orthodox Church\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\",\"name\":\"Fr. 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