{"id":655,"date":"2019-03-13T14:56:28","date_gmt":"2019-03-13T19:56:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?p=655"},"modified":"2019-03-13T21:44:05","modified_gmt":"2019-03-14T02:44:05","slug":"jeroboam-son-of-nebat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/13\/jeroboam-son-of-nebat\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeroboam, Son of Nebat"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Though he is far from a household name, Jeroboam, son of Nebat is one of the most important figures in Biblical history.\u00a0 As the first king and founder of the independent northern kingdom of Israel, he became the paradigmatic wicked king.\u00a0 He is, in many way, the first schismatic and heretic in the history of God’s people.\u00a0 In addition to creating the northern political structures, he began an alternative religious system that would not only endure in the northern kingdom throughout its existence, but even make inroads into the southern kingdom of Judah.\u00a0 Under the later Omride dynasty, the kingdom which he founded would become a regional power and at least for a time far surpass the southern kingdom of Judah in influence and power.\u00a0 The condemnation of future northern kings will continuously begin with the fact that they have committed the sins of Jeroboam, son of Nebat (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 15:34; 16:2-3, 7, 19, 26, 31; 21:22, 52; 2 Kgs\/4Kgdms 3:3; 9:9; 10:29, 31; 13:2, 6, 11, 13; 14:16, 23-24, 27-29; 15:1, 8-9, 18, 24, 28; 17:21-22; 23:15).<\/p>\n

Jeroboam’s story begins during the reign of another wicked king, Solomon.\u00a0 Though it is not common to see Solomon in this way, it is his clear portrayal in scripture.\u00a0 In addition to multiplying wives and committing the other offenses prohibited to kings in the Torah (Deut 17:14-20), he built temples to the pagan gods worshipped by those wives in Jerusalem alongside the temple of Yahweh, the God of Israel (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 11:7-8).\u00a0 Even Yahweh’s temple was constructed by Solomon not according to detailed plans received from Yahweh himself, as the tabernacle had been.\u00a0 Solomon planned his temple himself and built it according to the pattern of pagan Phoenician temples.<\/p>\n

In response to Solomon’s wickedness, the God of Israel raised up foreign enemies against him to harass him and his kingdom.\u00a0 When he did not repent, he raised up Jeroboam, son of Nebat.\u00a0 Jeroboam’s name means “his people are many.”\u00a0 In a play on words regarding his destiny, it can also mean, “he struggles for the people.”\u00a0 Jeroboam came from the tribe of Ephraim, descended from one of the sons of Joseph.\u00a0 Ephraim was the most numerous tribe of Israel, occupying the hill country around what would become Shechem and Samaria.\u00a0 Their prominence is shown by the prominence of Joseph within the patriarchal history of Genesis.\u00a0 It is also shown by the fact that once the kingdoms divided, the northern kingdom which included all the tribes but two, became known not only as Israel but as Ephraim (cf. Ps 78::9, 67; Is 7:9, 17; 11:13; Jer 31:6, 9, 18-20; Ezek 37:16-19).<\/p>\n

Jeroboam had been a young member of Solomon’s court.\u00a0 In his many building projects in Jerusalem, Solomon had employed forced labor, drafting workers from other tribes.\u00a0 A significant number of these workers came from Ephraim (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 11:27-28).\u00a0 Jeroboam was put in charge of the laborers from his own tribe.\u00a0 The prophet Ahijah was sent to Jeroboam to make an announcement to him, that in judgment, the kingdom of Israel was being taken away from Solomon and his descendants.\u00a0 Only one tribe, Judah, would remain with the line of David in order to keep the covenant which the God of Israel had made with David (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 11:36).\u00a0 In fact, the same covenant originally given to David (2 Sam\/2 Kgdms 7:16) was also offered to Jeroboam if he would walk in the ways of Yahweh’s commandments as David had (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 11:38).\u00a0 Solomon’s response, when he learned of this judgment and prophecy against him, was to seek to murder Jeroboam.\u00a0 He fled to Egypt until Solomon had died.<\/p>\n

After Solomon’s death, when Jeroboam heard word of it, he travelled to Shechem to Rehoboam, Solomon’s son’s coronation.\u00a0 There he led a large group of the people to confront Rehoboam about their enslavement by his father Solomon (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 12:3-5).\u00a0 Rehoboam responded with threats of greater and harsher enslavement if they dared defy him (v. 14-15).\u00a0 Jeroboam then led the people of Israel in a popular revolt against Rehoboam in which Rehoboam lost control of all but his own tribe, Judah.\u00a0 The prophet Shemaiah was sent to ensure that an all out civil war did not ensue (v. 22-24).\u00a0 Nevertheless, throughout his reign and that of Rehoboam, Jeroboam was involved in continuous border conflicts in which he took several more cities from Judah (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 14:30).<\/p>\n

Once he had become king of Israel, Jeroboam set about to create a new social order.\u00a0 He still saw Rehoboam as a rival with greater legitimacy in his claim to kingship (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 12:27).\u00a0 The central organizing structure of ancient societies and cultures was not the state or concepts of homeland but rather religion and ritual.\u00a0 This caused the threat of Rehoboam for Jeroboam to center on the mandated pilgrimages to the sanctuary in Jerusalem.\u00a0 In order to prevent this, he established a new religious system for his newly one northern kingdom centered around sanctuaries at Bethel and Dan (v. 28-29).<\/p>\n

The city of Bethel had been a cultic center from the Canaanite period, as signified by its name as the “House of El.”\u00a0 The city of Dan had formerly been known as Laish.\u00a0 In the far north, it had been a center of the worship of the Amorites and other peoples of Bashan.\u00a0 While the tribe of Dan had been given an allotment of land at the time of the conquest under Joshua, they instead descended on the city of Laish and committed a massacre there to take it for themselves (Jdg 18:26-30).\u00a0 They had already set up their own cult and priesthood practicing idolatrous worship long before the ascent of Jeroboam.\u00a0 It is not coincidental that in the Revelation of St. John, Dan is no longer reckoned among the tribes of Israel (Rev 7:5-8).<\/p>\n

While the forging of golden calves clearly hearkens back to the sin of Aaron in the wilderness (Ex 32:1-4), it is unlikely to be a casting back to that event, but rather to be a similar movement in attempting to syncretize the worship of Yahweh with elements of Ancient Near Eastern culture.\u00a0 The bull was a symbol of strength and power, as exemplified by the ‘bull of heaven’ associated with the constellation Taurus being the possession of Anu, the high god of Mesopotamia or El, the high god of Canaanite and Phoenician religion.\u00a0 Josephus identifies the calves made by Jeroboam as heifers rather than bulls (Antiquities<\/em> 5.8.8).\u00a0 This may be related to the Egyptian cow goddess Hathor who was associated with the sending of plagues.\u00a0 Both Aaron and Jeroboam had just spent time in Egypt, and both identify the calves as the god of Israel who brought them out of Egypt.\u00a0 In later Israelite history, it would become clear that the name of Yahweh was associated with these shrines, suggesting that Israel’s God was here being cultically served in pagan Ancient Near Eastern modes.<\/p>\n

In addition to these two primary cultic centers, Jeroboam established multiple high places throughout his territory (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 12:31).\u00a0 These were cultic centers to Canaanite and Phoenician gods, primarily Baal and Asherah, which were established on top of hills and mountains as being closer to the heavens and associated with the mountain of the gods.\u00a0 Jeroboam then appointed priests from all the tribes, not the Levites, to serve at these cultic centers.\u00a0 He went so far as to expel the Levites from his territory, leading to their return to Jerusalem and the temple (2 Chron 11:14).\u00a0 He himself, as king, served also as high priest offering sacrifices himself, beginning with his own feast, parallel to Passover, which he created (v. 32).\u00a0 This new polytheistic state religious system continued until the destruction of Ephraim by the Assyrians and is directly blamed by the author of Kings\/Kingdoms for its destruction.<\/p>\n

Jeroboam himself paid the price for his wickedness.\u00a0 Late in his life his son became deathly ill and he sent his wife under cover of night to see Ahijah, the prophet who had first told him about the kingship (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 14:1-3).\u00a0 Rather than answering his request, Ahijah pronounced judgment against him for all of his sins and iniquities.\u00a0 The reason his son Abijah had become sick and would die is because he was not as wicked as his siblings, and so God was giving him the honor of a burial (v. 10-13).\u00a0 The rest of Jeroboam’s line would be slaughtered with the sword.\u00a0 Not only would his dynasty be massacred, but Israel itself would ultimately be destroyed for the sin into which he led them (v. 16).\u00a0 This judgment would be fulfilled after Jeroboam’s son Nadab had reigned as king for less than two years (1 Kgs\/3 Kgdms 15:25-30).<\/p>\n

Jeroboam the son of Nebat represents a new trajectory in ancient religion within the Hebrew scriptures.\u00a0 This trajectory is glimpsed in the golden calf episode at Sinai.\u00a0 It is begun by Solomon himself in his building of a pagan-style temple to Yahweh and further pagan temples alongside it.\u00a0 While the nations descended from Abraham worshipped Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the nations had fallen into the worship of lesser, demonic spiritual powers.\u00a0 Jeroboam’s newly designed religious system represents an attempt, not seen in scripture since the tower of Babel, to subject Yahweh, God Most High, to humanity’s religious desires through ritual practice.\u00a0 Jeroboam placed himself as king and high priest as a mediatorial figure between the people of Israel and Yahweh and the other gods.\u00a0 Like other Ancient Near Eastern priest kings he was establishing himself as divine, as a peer of the gods and a member of their company.\u00a0 This is precisely the dynamic that the strict separation of priest and king, and later bishop and emperor, was intended to prevent.\u00a0 Jeroboam therefore serves as an antichrist figure.\u00a0 The inversion of his flight to Egypt upon prophesied kingship and that of Christ, both fleeing an apostate temple-building king over Judah, is intentional.\u00a0 The antichrist in St. John’s Revelation is also depicted as establishing an apostate religion (Rev 13:13-18).<\/p>\n

The system of ritual worship and foundational narrative given by Yahweh the God of Israel in the Torah serves for the transformation of humanity.\u00a0 It enacts the purification of human sin and the raising of human persons to the presence of God.\u00a0 It is therefore opposed to all other religious systems on earth, be they devised by demonic powers seeking worship or by human persons for their own ends.\u00a0 This is even, or perhaps especially, true when these religious systems claim to worship the true God, the Holy Trinity.\u00a0 Whether these systems serve the interest of a religious leader, a state, a culture, or a homeland, they serve to conform human persons through worship to the will of that leader, or state, or culture rather than to the likeness of Christ, even when they use his name.\u00a0 In the person of Jeroboam son of Nebat is condemned every theological system, every form of worship, every set of beliefs which masquerades as Christianity, but proceeds from the will of man rather than that of God.\u00a0 What proceeds religiously from corrupt human persons is in no way superior to that which proceeds from demons.\u00a0 Heresy is no better than paganism.\u00a0 In fact, while the evil spiritual powers worshipped by the pagans may exist, the false Christs imagined by human persons most certainly do not.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Though he is far from a household name, Jeroboam, son of Nebat is one of the most important figures in Biblical history.\u00a0 As the first king and founder of the independent northern kingdom of Israel, he became the paradigmatic wicked king.\u00a0 He is, in many way, the first schismatic and heretic in the history of God’s people.\u00a0 In addition to creating the northern political structures, he began an alternative religious system that would not only endure in the northern kingdom throughout its existence, but even make inroads into the southern kingdom of Judah.\u00a0 Under the later Omride dynasty, the kingdom which he founded would become a regional power and at least for a time far surpass the southern kingdom of\u2026 <\/i> <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"Jeroboam, Son of Nebat - The Whole Counsel Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/13\/jeroboam-son-of-nebat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeroboam, Son of Nebat - The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Though he is far from a household name, Jeroboam, son of Nebat is one of the most important figures in Biblical history.\u00a0 As the first king and founder of the independent northern kingdom of Israel, he became the paradigmatic wicked king.\u00a0 He is, in many way, the first schismatic and heretic in the history of God’s people.\u00a0 In addition to creating the northern political structures, he began an alternative religious system that would not only endure in the northern kingdom throughout its existence, but even make inroads into the southern kingdom of Judah.\u00a0 Under the later Omride dynasty, the kingdom which he founded would become a regional power and at least for a time far surpass the southern kingdom of\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2019\/03\/13\/jeroboam-son-of-nebat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-03-13T19:56:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-03-14T02:44:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2019\/03\/Golden-Calf.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fr. 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