{"id":50,"date":"2018-02-14T11:34:47","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T17:34:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?p=50"},"modified":"2018-02-14T11:34:47","modified_gmt":"2018-02-14T17:34:47","slug":"on-allegorical-interpretation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/","title":{"rendered":"On Allegorical Interpretation"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"One of the temptations into which we frequently fall when seeking to understand others in our own time and in the past is that we begin with the assumption that they think and interact with a given set of ideas in the same way that we do.\u00a0 So, for example, in interfaith discussions, Christians will from time to time refer to groups of Jewish and Muslim leaders holding councils.\u00a0 Or Muslims will speak of the Torah or the New Testament as if it was viewed in the same way in which they view the Quran.\u00a0 This immediately generates misunderstandings that then have to be overcome in order to truly interact.\u00a0 Christians involved in these discussions need to understand how authority structure work, or don’t work, in other religious systems.\u00a0 Muslims need to understand how other religions view, interpret, and interact with their authoritative texts.\u00a0 One of the most broadly misunderstood elements of the Biblical interpretation of our forebears in the Christian Faith is what we have for some time now called ‘Allegorical Interpretation’, though, as we will see, this is probably not the best term for it.<\/p>\n

Allegorical interpretation is a label used to describe a certain type of interpretation, particularly of the scriptures, by many of the Fathers.\u00a0 Strictly speaking, this would be designating this type of interpretation as other than literal interpretation, although the term ‘literal’ is itself subject to multiple definitions.\u00a0 So, for example, the idea of typology, that Old Testament figures are a type, or fore-image of Christ, is often not considered allegory, but as a part of literal interpretation.\u00a0 This vaguery has led to a rule of thumb definition of ‘Allegorical Interpretation’ as ‘any interpretation which to me seems “out there”‘.\u00a0 And so, nearly all Christians easily accept that since our Lord Jesus Christ died at the Passover, that his death and resurrection represent a greater Passover, and analogies to the deliverance of Israel from Egypt are entirely within the bounds of ‘literal interpretation’.\u00a0 On the other hand, a good many Christians would find Origen’s identification of the two oars in the hands of St. Peter as he rowed his boat onto the Sea of Galilee as ‘faith’ and ‘love’ to be a bit of a stretch, and therefore an example of allegory.\u00a0 Here we can also see how allegorical interpretation carries a connotation of bad interpretation.\u00a0 Thus, labelling something as ‘allegory’ becomes a means of marginalizing it from serious consideration.<\/p>\n

The difficulty here is largely generated, however, by our own understanding of interpretation.\u00a0 Most of us have been educated, at least passively by our culture, to read the text by attempting to discern what the original author meant in the historical context in which the words were originally written.\u00a0 This is aided then, and Bible scholarship consists, in doing historical research and grammatical language study in order to better understand the texts in that light.\u00a0 We understand this as being what it means to read the scriptures literally.\u00a0 We therefore assume that any interpretation that doesn’t match this method does so either accidentally or deliberately.\u00a0 It may differ accidentally in that we rather condescendingly look at our forebears in the faith, and their limited manuscript resources, language knowledge, and knowledge of history and conclude that allegory was the best that they could do.\u00a0 Or it may differ deliberately in that we think something more nefarious is in play.\u00a0 The interpreter was aware of our literal interpretation, but for whatever reason found it not to his liking, and so ‘spiritualized’ the text as a sort of dodge.\u00a0 Both of these views assume that the Fathers read, or at least wanted to read, the text in the same way we now do.<\/p>\n

We find something quite different when we set aside our own understanding of interpretation and instead attempt to follow what the Fathers were doing.\u00a0 An obvious place to begin is with St. Paul himself in Galatians 4:24-26, in which he explicitly makes an allegory between Hagar and Sarah on the one side, and the earthly and heavenly Jerusalems, even using the word ‘allegory’ in the Greek text.\u00a0 There is no trace here, in the argument of Galatians 4, that what St. Paul is arguing is that when Genesis was written and the story of Hagar and Ishmael was composed, what was intended was a reference to Jewish and Gentile Christian relations in the first century A.D.\u00a0 Nor is there any trace of the idea that St. Paul is denying the historical reality of Hagar and Sarah in favor of a ‘spiritualized’ understanding.\u00a0 In fact, many of his arguments earlier in the letter would suffer if Abraham were not a historical person.\u00a0 Rather, St. Paul here uses allegory to apply this ancient story, which describes historical events and has itself many layers of meaning, to the immediate situation of his hearers.<\/p>\n

This same pattern holds true in the Fathers.\u00a0 Allegory is not an interpretive move, as we understand exegesis in our time and place, but rather a homiletic move.\u00a0 It is a means of making application of a text, still seen to have sacred value, to a time and situation far removed from that of its composition.\u00a0 It therefore represents an aspect of Holy Tradition in which the scriptures continue to live, in being proclaimed and applied to the people of God.\u00a0 This has several related consequences.\u00a0 It means that allegorical applications are not exclusivist.\u00a0 One Father says that the three steps to the altar in Ezekiel’s temple vision represent the Holy Trinity, because in the new covenant we worship God the Father in Spirit and in Truth.\u00a0 Another Father says that the three steps represent faith, hope, and love because it is through a life of Christian virtue exemplified by these three highest that one worships and brings glory to God.\u00a0 These Fathers are not disagreeing with each other, because neither is making a claim to an ‘original, literal meaning’ of Ezekiel’s vision.\u00a0 They are, rather, making different applications to different communities in different times and places which can both be true, along with countless others.\u00a0 Further, this means that the Fathers did not, for example, find the literal, historical reality of Joshua’s conquest morally repugnant.\u00a0 Rather, they found a literal application of same, the idea that Christians ought go out and kill to seize land, repugnant yet, still seeing the text as sacred, found ways to make it applicable and relevant, to make it alive, in the lives of their Christian hearers whom they were guiding to salvation. \u00a0This mode of application was even used of texts other than the scriptures.\u00a0 We possess Christian commentaries, from the Byzantine period, on Homer’s Iliad.\u00a0 There was still scene to be something valuable about Homer’s poetry, but bloody war stories in service of pagan gods seemed to have little to offer to medieval Christians.\u00a0 Allegory represented a means\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We ought, then, speak not of ‘Allegorical Interpretation’, but of ‘Allegorical Application’.\u00a0 The Fathers show us a commitment that every text of the scriptures is holy, speaks to us of Christ our savior, is God-breathed, and is for us.\u00a0 The scriptures are not an ‘ancient text’ in the sense of an archaeological relic of interest only to scholars, nor a repository in which has been deposited specific truths to be mined, but a living, active means by which the Holy Spirit brings Christ into our life as the community of the church.\u00a0 Allegory is a categorization of one means by which this dynamic takes place, and the Truth is communicated to us by God himself.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One of the temptations into which we frequently fall when seeking to understand others in our own time and in the past is that we begin with the assumption that they think and interact with a given set of ideas in the same way that we do.\u00a0 So, for example, in interfaith discussions, Christians will from time to time refer to groups of Jewish and Muslim leaders holding councils.\u00a0 Or Muslims will speak of the Torah or the New Testament as if it was viewed in the same way in which they view the Quran.\u00a0 This immediately generates misunderstandings that then have to be overcome in order to truly interact.\u00a0 Christians involved in these discussions need to understand how authority\u2026 <\/i> <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":55,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"On Allegorical Interpretation - The Whole Counsel Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"On Allegorical Interpretation - The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One of the temptations into which we frequently fall when seeking to understand others in our own time and in the past is that we begin with the assumption that they think and interact with a given set of ideas in the same way that we do.\u00a0 So, for example, in interfaith discussions, Christians will from time to time refer to groups of Jewish and Muslim leaders holding councils.\u00a0 Or Muslims will speak of the Torah or the New Testament as if it was viewed in the same way in which they view the Quran.\u00a0 This immediately generates misunderstandings that then have to be overcome in order to truly interact.\u00a0 Christians involved in these discussions need to understand how authority\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-14T17:34:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/02\/15528960161_f67a6afcf1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"344\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/\",\"name\":\"On Allegorical Interpretation - The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/02\/15528960161_f67a6afcf1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-14T17:34:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-02-14T17:34:47+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/02\/15528960161_f67a6afcf1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/02\/15528960161_f67a6afcf1.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":344},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/02\/14\/on-allegorical-interpretation\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"On Allegorical Interpretation\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\",\"name\":\"The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"description\":\"The Scriptures in the Orthodox Church\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\",\"name\":\"Fr. 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