{"id":285,"date":"2018-08-01T12:36:49","date_gmt":"2018-08-01T17:36:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?p=285"},"modified":"2018-08-01T12:36:49","modified_gmt":"2018-08-01T17:36:49","slug":"christ-in-the-general-epistles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/","title":{"rendered":"Christ in the General Epistles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-296\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2-360x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" \/>The &#8216;general&#8217; or &#8216;catholic&#8217; epistles are a group of texts within the New Testament consisting of the epistles of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude.\u00a0 These are a group of texts which are too often neglected for several reasons.\u00a0 They are relatively short texts, which means though they are part of the Orthodox lectionary, they tend to be moved through very quickly, and mostly on weekdays in the regular lectionary cycle.\u00a0 While the Pauline epistles share a common background and theological purpose, the general epistles are extremely eclectic.\u00a0 James, for example, has little in common with the others.\u00a0 Based on biographical information in the Acts of the Apostles and his own biographical comments in the epistles, there is a great deal more information known about the place and time of origin, and the original recipients, of St. Paul&#8217;s epistles than can be known for certain about any of the general epistles.\u00a0 The name &#8216;general epistles&#8217; is derived from this fact, that these epistles have no clear addressee.\u00a0 The term &#8216;catholic epistles&#8217; is making a more positive claim, that the reason for this lack of addressee is that these epistles are directed to the church as a whole.\u00a0 While St. Paul frequently utilizes extra-Biblical traditions in his epistles, this use of sources beyond what would become the Christian Old Testament becomes even more obvious in the general epistles because of their brevity, with the Epistles of Peter and Jude referencing and even citing not only 1 Enoch, but Jude possibly also citing the Assumption of Moses.\u00a0 This makes the interpretation and application of the general epistles more difficult than most other New Testament texts.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the diversity and eclecticism described above, the general epistles came together as a literary collection, a single unit, quite early in church history.\u00a0 The Pauline epistles came together and began to circulate as a collection very early, c. 100 AD.\u00a0 This collection happened so quickly that every existing manuscript of St. Paul&#8217;s epistles is a manuscript of the collection, not of a letter circulating individually.\u00a0 Through the testimony of St. Irenaeus and others, it is known that the four gospels had been collected as such into one unit by the middle of the second century, c. 150 AD.\u00a0 By roughly the same time in the middle of the second century, these disparate epistles had been collected together and were circulating together as the general epistles.\u00a0 St. Clement of Alexandria wrote a commentary on the collection late in the second century, through this commentary is not still extant.\u00a0 The general epistles did not circulate as widely as the other two collections, however, and was not used by every early Christian community.\u00a0 When, through interactions between communities, this collection was discovered by other churches, the clear similarities between 1 John and St. John&#8217;s Gospel, and the clear thematic connections between 1 Peter and other New Testament texts caused them to be quickly adopted by most churches, whereas the understanding and acceptance of the rest of the collection took more time.\u00a0 This is the dynamic which is referred to when they are sometimes described as &#8216;disputed books&#8217;.\u00a0 Adding to this are a series of anomalies in the general epistles.\u00a0 Much has been made about an apparent contradiction between James and the argument of Galatians and Romans.\u00a0 1 and 2 Peter are written in very different Greek style, with 2 Peter being closer to Jude in both style and themes than 1 Peter.\u00a0 While 1 John has clear connections to St. John&#8217;s Gospel in both style and content, the connection to 2 and 3 John&#8217;s brief texts is less clear.\u00a0 For all of these reasons, addressing the Christology of the general epistles has to be a discussion of the individual epistles and their teaching, from which a consensus can be seen to develop.<\/p>\n<p>St. James&#8217; epistle is unique on several levels.\u00a0 While the Pauline epistles speak of Christ primarily theologically, explaining the significance of who Christ is, and what Christ has accomplished in the cross and the resurrection, St. James teaches in a way which is redolent with the teachings of Christ in his earthly ministry.\u00a0 This is particularly clear when comparing the Epistle of St. James to the teaching sections of St. Matthew&#8217;s Gospel, such as the Sermon on the Mount.\u00a0 Even so, there is an assumed identity of the Lord Jesus Christ which St. James uses as a presupposition in order to argue for his case regarding how followers of Christ ought to live.\u00a0 One example of this comes in James 2:1.\u00a0 The title &#8216;Lord&#8217; can be argued to be ambiguous.\u00a0 Though the Greek word &#8216;kyrios&#8217; is used throughout the Greek of the Old Testament to replace the name &#8216;Yahweh&#8217; of the God of Israel, it was also used in the Greek of the time to mean &#8216;sir&#8217; or &#8216;master&#8217;.\u00a0 However, in James 2:1, St. James describes Jesus Christ not only as &#8216;Lord&#8217;, but as &#8216;the Lord of Glory&#8217;.\u00a0 This phrase, also used by St. Paul in 1 Cor 2:8, is grounded in the language of, for example, Psalm 24 which describes Yahweh, the God of Israel, or in the Greek, &#8216;the Lord&#8217; as the &#8216;King of Glory&#8217;.\u00a0 St. James is using here the contrast between the life lived by Jesus Christ upon the earth and his identity as the Lord of Glory to argue that the wealthy must show similar humility within the Christian community.\u00a0 Another important text is James 5:7-11, in which St. James brings together the God of Israel who rewarded Job for his patience in suffering, the return of God to judge the earth, the identity of Christ as judge, and the return of Christ as one event with one agent.\u00a0 While St. James does not argue for the divine identity of Christ, his teaching presupposes it.<\/p>\n<p>The Epistles of Peter and Jude represent Christian teaching from the perspective of Second Temple Jewish communities grounded not in the Pharisaism of Palestinian Judaism, but in the larger Jewish tradition.\u00a0 While Palestinian Judaism, at least in its mainstream, was deeply grounded in the Torah and its understanding of righteousness through fulfillment of commandments, these three texts are grounded in the traditions of apocalyptic Judaism.\u00a0 These epistles understand the glorious appearance of Christ as an imminent reality in which the wicked, both among spirits and among men, will be judged.\u00a0 They understand the world and its systems of power and belief as being fundamental enemies of God, and therefore enemies of his people.\u00a0 They see the life of disciples of Christ as a radical call out of the world, and into a new reality of the kingdom within the church.\u00a0 All three of these texts draw upon the tradition of Enochic literature which clearly describes a &#8216;Son of Man&#8217; figure, in line with Daniel&#8217;s vision, who is a second hypostasis of Yahweh, the God of Israel, and who is identified as the Messiah.\u00a0 It is unsurprising, then, that these texts identify Jesus Christ with this figure.\u00a0 In 1 Peter 1:10-12, St. Peter identifies the Holy Spirit received by followers of Christ in baptism as the same Spirit who indwelt the prophets of old.\u00a0 Rather than merely identifying that Spirit as the Spirit of God, however, St. Peter identifies it as &#8216;the Spirit of Christ&#8217; (v. 11).\u00a0 2 Peter 1:1 contains a very direct statement of Christ&#8217;s divinity, speaking of the righteousness of &#8216;our God and savior Jesus Christ&#8217;.\u00a0 It is then immediately followed, in 2 Peter 1:2, with a distinction made between &#8216;the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord&#8217;.\u00a0 This follows the pattern observed in the Pauline epistles of speaking of God the Father and Jesus Christ the Lord, while also identifying Christ as God.\u00a0 In verses 16-18, St. Peter further elaborates a trinitarian understanding in describing the Transfiguration.\u00a0 In addition to Christ shining with the glory of God the Father, St. Peter speaks of the &#8216;Majestic Glory&#8217; which carried the voice of the Father, which phrasing he will later parallel in speaking of the scriptures being produced by men carried by the Holy Spirit (v. 21).\u00a0 The brief Epistle of Jude contains another very clear statement, identifying Jesus Christ as the &#8216;Angel of the Lord&#8217; who led Israel out of Egypt and destroyed the disobedient (v. 5, cf. Ex 23:20, Jdg 2:1).<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the Johannine Epistles, 1 John in particular, as already mentioned, have clear affinities to St. John&#8217;s Gospel, which very clearly presents Christ as the God of Israel.\u00a0 1 John develops the language of John 8 regarding the unity in faith of the Father and the Son (2:22-24).\u00a0 For St. John, the person of Jesus Christ is the true image of the Father who brings the knowledge of God, and eternal life uniquely (1 Jn 5:20-21).\u00a0 This understanding of the Father and the Son as two persons of the one godhead is also laid out clearly in 2 John.\u00a0 The one who does not remain in the teachings of Christ does not have God.\u00a0 The one who does remain in the teachings of Christ has both the Father and the Son (v. 9).\u00a0 Though the general epistles represent an eclectic collection of texts expressing apostolic Christianity, regarding their Christology, they are in unity with the Gospels and the Pauline epistles, teaching that Jesus Christ is the second hypostasis of Yahweh, the God of Israel, incarnate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The &#8216;general&#8217; or &#8216;catholic&#8217; epistles are a group of texts within the New Testament consisting of the epistles of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude.\u00a0 These are a group of texts which are too often neglected for several reasons.\u00a0 They are relatively short texts, which means though they are part of the Orthodox lectionary, they tend to be moved through very quickly, and mostly on weekdays in the regular lectionary cycle.\u00a0 While the Pauline epistles share a common background and theological purpose, the general epistles are extremely eclectic.\u00a0 James, for example, has little in common with the others.\u00a0 Based on biographical information in the Acts of the Apostles and his own biographical comments in\u2026 <a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\">  <i class=\"fa fa-arrow-circle-right\"><\/i> <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<title>Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The &#8216;general&#8217; or &#8216;catholic&#8217; epistles are a group of texts within the New Testament consisting of the epistles of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude.\u00a0 These are a group of texts which are too often neglected for several reasons.\u00a0 They are relatively short texts, which means though they are part of the Orthodox lectionary, they tend to be moved through very quickly, and mostly on weekdays in the regular lectionary cycle.\u00a0 While the Pauline epistles share a common background and theological purpose, the general epistles are extremely eclectic.\u00a0 James, for example, has little in common with the others.\u00a0 Based on biographical information in the Acts of the Apostles and his own biographical comments in\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Whole Counsel Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2-360x200.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fr. Stephen De Young\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\",\"name\":\"Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2-360x200.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2.jpg\",\"width\":658,\"height\":470},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Christ in the General Epistles\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/\",\"name\":\"The Whole Counsel Blog\",\"description\":\"The Scriptures in the Orthodox Church\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90\",\"name\":\"Fr. Stephen De Young\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/54dc899af5499978d3770526996cf817d0a8e3c9e776a06507dd686f6923d420?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/54dc899af5499978d3770526996cf817d0a8e3c9e776a06507dd686f6923d420?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Fr. Stephen De Young\"},\"description\":\"The V. Rev. Dr. Stephen De Young is Pastor of Archangel Gabriel Orthodox Church in Lafayette, Louisiana. He holds Master's degrees in theology, philosophy, humanities, and social sciences, and a Ph.D. in Biblical Studies from Amridge University. Fr. Stephen is also the host of the Whole Counsel of God podcast from Ancient Faith and author of four books, the Religion of the Apostles, God is a Man of War, the Whole Counsel of God, Apocrypha, and Saint Paul the Pharisee. He co-hosts the live call-in show and podcast Lord of Spirits with Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/stgabriellafayette.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/author\/frstevedeyoung\/\"}]}<\/script>","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog","og_description":"The &#8216;general&#8217; or &#8216;catholic&#8217; epistles are a group of texts within the New Testament consisting of the epistles of James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude.\u00a0 These are a group of texts which are too often neglected for several reasons.\u00a0 They are relatively short texts, which means though they are part of the Orthodox lectionary, they tend to be moved through very quickly, and mostly on weekdays in the regular lectionary cycle.\u00a0 While the Pauline epistles share a common background and theological purpose, the general epistles are extremely eclectic.\u00a0 James, for example, has little in common with the others.\u00a0 Based on biographical information in the Acts of the Apostles and his own biographical comments in\u2026","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/","og_site_name":"The Whole Counsel Blog","article_published_time":"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2-360x200.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Fr. Stephen De Young","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Fr. Stephen De Young","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/","name":"Christ in the General Epistles - The Whole Counsel Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2-360x200.jpg","datePublished":"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00","dateModified":"2018-08-01T17:36:49+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2018\/08\/5-st-jude-underpainting-2.jpg","width":658,"height":470},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/2018\/08\/01\/christ-in-the-general-epistles\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Christ in the General Epistles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/","name":"The Whole Counsel Blog","description":"The Scriptures in the Orthodox Church","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/247da0ea47cc50719afc0ec2a8ee5e90","name":"Fr. Stephen De Young","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/54dc899af5499978d3770526996cf817d0a8e3c9e776a06507dd686f6923d420?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/54dc899af5499978d3770526996cf817d0a8e3c9e776a06507dd686f6923d420?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Fr. Stephen De Young"},"description":"The V. Rev. Dr. Stephen De Young is Pastor of Archangel Gabriel Orthodox Church in Lafayette, Louisiana. He holds Master's degrees in theology, philosophy, humanities, and social sciences, and a Ph.D. in Biblical Studies from Amridge University. Fr. Stephen is also the host of the Whole Counsel of God podcast from Ancient Faith and author of four books, the Religion of the Apostles, God is a Man of War, the Whole Counsel of God, Apocrypha, and Saint Paul the Pharisee. He co-hosts the live call-in show and podcast Lord of Spirits with Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick.","sameAs":["http:\/\/stgabriellafayette.org"],"url":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/author\/frstevedeyoung\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=285"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":298,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/285\/revisions\/298"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/wholecounsel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}