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Editor’s Note: This article is part of an October 2017 series of posts on the Reformation and Protestantism written by O&H authors and guest writers marking the 500th anniversary of the nailing of Martin Luther’s 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Articles are written by Orthodox Christians and discuss not just the Reformation as a historical event but also the spiritual heritage that descended from it.<\/i><\/p>\n
W<\/span>hen I moved eleven hours away from my hometown to begin graduate school, I left behind a subculture that at the time felt increasingly foreign. The Christianity I was raised in had many commendable qualities; it was sincere, it was faith-driven, it was in love with the Scriptures. But there was also baggage.<\/p>\n I suppose it is in the nature of faith that eventually, you have to take a critical look at the beliefs you inherit from those who came before you. And among the things I personally had to reconcile was the intense, unflagging centrality of the End Times in the churches I attended in my childhood. Growing up, the Last Days\u2014embodied in the Rapture\u2014was perpetually around the corner. My parents and many of my friends\u2019 parents actively discerned the signs of the times in the nightly news, the cataclysms of nature, the decay of culture, and the dreams of sleep.<\/p>\n This level of apocalyptic expectation affected my life in countless ways. In high school, for example, I was offered a scholarship to study abroad for a semester. However, the powers that be deemed this too risky\u2014 the Rapture was expected to occur that summer, and if it did, global infrastructure would naturally come to a grinding halt. Among other things, my parents couldn\u2019t face the thought of being separated from their only daughter during such a momentous event, so I stayed and watched my best friend go on the exchange instead. (Ironically, 9\/11 occurred just after I would have left to go abroad\u2014perhaps my parents\u2019 inklings of the future were not too far off, after all.) <\/p>\n By the time I began my MA in German Studies (to be followed by a PhD in European History), the apocalyptic worldview that pervaded my growing-up years had grown thin. The longer the Lord tarried in His return, the more I began to recognize the darker side of apocalyptic belief\u2014the seeming chaos of it all, the inability (or lack of desire) to plan for the future, to budget, to create stable systems of Church governance and structure, to engage the world outside strict us-and-them categories.<\/p>\n Relocating for graduate school was my ticket out of that. As soon as I settled into my new city, I found myself gravitating toward historical, liturgical expressions of Christianity that seemed to draw on something deeper and older and more constant than the pseudo-prophetic currents of my youth. <\/span><\/p>\n In particular, I was drawn to Luther. His world fascinated me. The Reformation, or \u201cearly modern,\u201d period (ca. 1450\u20131700), signified the collision of medieval and modern civilizations.<\/p>\n On the one hand, certain hallmarks of the medieval worldview persisted, albeit in varying degrees\u2014widespread belief in astrology, for example, as well as the adherence to ritual, folklore, <\/span>humoral medicine,<\/a> and an Aristotelian, geocentric cosmology<\/a>. <\/p>\n On the other hand, the Reformation was accompanied by new intellectual and cultural developments that forced people to reconsider the way the world worked. It was the age of the \u201cparadigm shift,\u201d to borrow a phrase from the late and great philosopher Joseph Kuhn. From the religious reformations of the sixteenth century (the Catholic Church experienced a reformation, too), to the Copernican and scientific revolution(s) of the seventeenth, the age of exploration, the \u201cLittle Ice Age\u201d (a period of global cooling that affected crops and food supply in certain parts of Europe), and the sundry other transformations that hit society during this period\u2014the world was changing, and according to some, it was changing quickly and drastically.<\/p>\n Many of these shifts were accelerated by the invention of the printing press in 1450, which forever altered the way information was transmitted and understood.<\/p>\n As fascinating as all of this was, most of my colleagues wouldn\u2019t touch this period with a ten-foot pole. They preferred the familiar contours of modernity or the fantastical elements of medieval epics. For them, I think, early modernity was too outside the box, too unstable\u2014like subatomic particles about to blow up. For me, though, it all felt strangely and comfortingly familiar\u2014I couldn\u2019t put my finger on it, but studying that period was one, prolonged bout of d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu.<\/p>\n And I dove in. I immersed myself in the great German literati of the era. I was particularly fascinated by the way religious thinkers made sense of the shifting sands around them in the wake of the Reformation. <\/p>\n To finish my MA, I was required to spend a full year writing a substantial research thesis. I chose to write mine on Paul Gerhardt, the most prolific Lutheran hymnist of the seventeenth century.<\/p>\n But to reckon with Gerhardt, I first had to reckon with Luther. And it was in the course of that research I stumbled upon a facet of the early modern worldview I hadn\u2019t yet considered\u2014its pervasive appetite for the apocalypse. I first encountered this while reading Luther: Man between God and Devil<\/span><\/i>, a ground-breaking historiography by Heiko A. Oberman, the preeminent Reformation scholar of the twentieth century (and to whom I have jokingly referred as my \u201cDoktorgro\u1e9evater,\u201d or doctoral grandfather, since he was the professor who advised my own doctoral advisor).<\/p>\n Man between God and Devil<\/i> was first published in German in 1982, and it changed the way scholars viewed Luther. No longer was the great reformer (simply) the enlightened forerunner of modernity, nor the engineer of a more rational, literate form of religion. He was also a product of his time and place in history, and like other folks in that time and place, he waited in perennial and unabashed expectation of the Last Days: <\/p>\n Luther\u2019s measure of time was calibrated with yardsticks other than those of modernity and enlightenment, progress and tolerance. Knowing that the renewal of the Church could be expected to come only from God and only at the end of time, he would have had no trouble enduring curbs on the Evangelical movement. […]<\/p>\n To understand Luther, we must read the history of his life from an unconventional perspective. It is history \u201csub specie aeternitatis,\u201d in the light of eternity; not in the mild glow of constant progress toward Heaven, but in the shadow of the chaos of the Last Days and the imminence of eternity.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n As Oberman saw things, much of what fueled Luther\u2019s tenacity was his unwavering belief that he was witnessing the Last Days, that Christ\u2019s return was imminent, that the devil (not to mention the Antichrist\/ Pope) was not only real but profoundly active, trying with all his might to deceive the faithful and obscure the Gospel in these few, latter days.<\/p>\n Go figure. I had finally wrestled myself free of the ominous apocalypticism of my growing up years only to take up shelter in a time period characterized by \u201ca level of apocalyptic expectation that finds few parallels in Western History.\u201d<\/span>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n At the time, however, the irony was largely lost on me. It\u2019s only in retrospect I can see that in my research and academic writing, I was not only trying to make sense of the<\/i> past, but also my<\/i> past\u2014the jumbled apocalyptic soup back home that had never quite made sense to me. I was learning to unpack the spirituality I had acquired from my own forebears, learning to sort it all out and determine how to move forward as a person of faith in a meaningful, constructive way.<\/p>\n To be sure, Luther\u2019s brand of apocalypticism was hardly without its own kind of darkness. His baldfaced comments about Jews and Turkish Muslims (and above all the Catholics) is enough to make modern readers squirm and\/or blush and\/or incite him for hate speech.<\/p>\n And then there was the potential for disillusionment. Although Luther never made any formal predictions as to when the world would end, he\u2019d likely find little comfort knowing that we are approaching (not to mention celebrating<\/i>) the 500th anniversary of his 95 Theses. I\u2019m sure he was bewildered enough to find the world still around all the way back in 1546, when he lay on his deathbed\u2014that\u2019s how rapidly he had believed history was closing up shop.<\/p>\n Still, there was a thread of Luther\u2019s thinking that helped me understand the apocalyptic fervor I had once experienced first hand. I came to realize, first of all, that apocalypticism is almost as old as humanity itself. It was, moreover, a quintessential aspect of the Judaism in which Christ Himself was raised.<\/p>\n Furthermore, belief in the End Times is not just a nutty tangent of faith but a fully intact worldview\u2014that is, a cohesive and robust system of making sense of all reality. It provides a way of navigating the tension between the past and the future and legitimizes the struggles of the present moment. In apocalypticism, everything\u2014no matter how mundane or chaotic\u2014has a purpose in the teeming current of eschatological history, which is actively guided by the hand of God and invisibly building up to its masterful, climactic End.<\/p>\n I didn\u2019t necessarily need this to be my<\/i> worldview, but I was beginning to understand how and why others in my life could find so much comfort and legitimacy in it.<\/p>\n Luther\u2019s apocalypticism, too, provided something that had been lacking in what I experienced of apocalypticism growing up. For him, the nearness of the End was hardly an excuse to fritter away time, twiddling one\u2019s thumbs in despair until Christ returns. Instead, it was a penetrating call to action, to work and redeem and actively love one\u2019s neighbor\u2014not just in word, but especially in deed.<\/p>\n It was this vein of his thought that made apocalypticism existentially meaningful to me\u2014it offered a way of being in this world I could respect and even find comfort in.<\/p>\n Reflecting this newfound regard for apocalypticism, my MA thesis opened with this paragraph:<\/p>\n In a cultural climate fraught with eschatological expectation, Martin Luther was famously claimed to have said: \u201cEven if I knew that tomorrow the world would end, I would nonetheless plant my little apple tree today.\u201d<\/b><\/span>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This quote reveals the existential duty inherent to a Lutheran, apocalyptic worldview. For Luther, it was important to continue carrying out the tasks of this life, even planting seeds for the future\u2014come rain or shine, the Turks or the pope, or even the blood-colored moon of the Revelations<\/i> of St. John. \u00a0This endeavor mandates human activity in this earthly life, a refusal to view chaos and catastrophe as the determining forces governing life on earth. In a world quickly going asunder, one ought not to become passive but rather should remain active in the tasks of this world, planting seeds by living according to God\u2019s word.<\/span>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n I didn\u2019t know it then, but I was making peace with the apocalypse, the shadow that had haunted my experience of faith and church for much of my life. I found in Luther\u2019s approach to the End Times what I termed an \u201cexistential apocalypticism,\u201d a mode of faith that was less caught up in pointing fingers at cosmic signs and political mayhem, and more interested in working to bring about goodness and grace in this world.<\/p>\n My flirtation with historical, liturgically oriented churches eventually led me to convert to Eastern Orthodoxy. In many ways, this is about the least apocalyptically zealous corner of Christianity you could possibly find. In other ways, however, Orthodoxy is perhaps the most \u201ceschatological\u201d of all the churches. In our liturgy, we \u201cremember\u201d and offer back to God all the saving events that have already come to pass: \u201cthe Cross, the Tomb, the Resurrection on the third day, and […] the Second and glorious Coming<\/i>.\u201d That is to say, in liturgical time, we look back on<\/i> the Second Advent as though it has already occurred and come to fruition\u2014because, sub specie aeternitatis<\/i> (in the light of eternity, as Oberman phrased it), it has.<\/p>\n In other words, the salvation of this world has already happened, it is already a reality. Because of this, our vocation and imperative in this life is not too far removed from how Luther saw things. We are to perpetually engage in recovering the reality of our salvation from the veil of distraction and seeming meaninglessness. And we are to do this actively and tangibly, not only on behalf of ourselves but for the sake of our neighbor and our enemies and\u2014through prayer\u2014the entire world.<\/p>\n I would never have been able to appreciate this dimension of faith had I not first come to terms with apocalyptic belief. Luther was a pivotal stepping stone on that journey, and for that I\u2019ll always be grateful for the great reformer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"![\"\"](\"https:\/\/blogs.ancientfaith.com\/orthodoxyandheterodoxy\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2017\/10\/roccas2.png\")
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