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Category: Evangelicalism (Page 6 of 15)

Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?

Out of the Frying Pan Into the Fire?

Out of the Frying Pan Into the Fire?

Folks,

This is a response to a long and interesting comment by ‘Prometheus’, a frequent visitor to the OrthodoxBridge.  Part I contains Prometheus’ comment and Part II my response.

I underscored parts of Prometheus’ lengthy comment as a way of assisting the reader.

Robert

Part I.  Prometheus wrote:

Robert,

Your thoughts are pertinent as ever, but this hermeneutical problem is not limited to Protestantism. When Orthodoxy faces crises, it has not always been clear which side one should stand on. During the controversy over Arianism, the process was not simple nor immediate. But the church trusted God to lead them the right way, even if there was a lot of disagreement. At some point what became the recognized church excommunicated those who at the time still thought they were the true church. So, “in the moment” so to speak, it doesn’t seem that Orthodoxy gives any clear stability when there is a crisis. The problem with Apostolic succession, too, is that when there is a crisis, there is not agreement as to what constitutes Apostolic succession. Then one resorts to consensus . . . and the church as a whole has to accept the decision of the fathers (i.e. the priesthood of all believers is involved). All this seems much messier than you make it out to be. Your faith, then, seems to be not in the Orthodox tradition being less messy, but in the Orthodox church itself. This same type of faith is fairly true about those in Protestantism who have not examined their presuppositions . . . they trust in the Bible itself (or, less critically, in their denomination). While I know that the Orthodox don’t see the Orthodox-Oriental split in the same light, nor the East-West schism, I would submit that these are the types of denominational splits that predate Protestantism. For someone who would like something more solid than the current fragmentation of Protestantism, I think it is great to look back at history . . . but it keeps throwing the same kinds of problems at us that we are trying to avoid: disagreement, disunity, and schism. Certainly a conscious pursuit of ‘tradition’ has helped keep these groups from fracturing nearly as much as Protestantism, but it hasn’t kept it from happening altogether . . . and some of us find ourselves scratching our heads still and saying, “how do we know which is the true church.” I would also like to add that at least on the literalistic level, the Bible contains books that are like any other. They can be read and understood without a controlling body of tradition. We believe that Shakespeare wrote intelligible plays and that they can be read with more intelligence when we know the background of their writing. But we don’t confuse that with the need for an “official” tradition to interpret Shakespeare for us. Certainly there will be varieties of interpretation . . . but that doesn’t mean that each variety is equally valid. Some people will have down-right wacko interpretations. Again, that doesn’t undermine the validity of a better interpretation, nor does it even give us the need for a special interpretive tradition. But even if we grant that there is a good interpretive tradition for Shakespeare, that doesn’t mean all of its individual interpretations are correct. The good use of interpretive tradition in literature includes an ability to critique that tradition when it butts up against the literature or other information we can gather from the time period. What the Orthodox and Catholic churches have, is a tradition that resists change, but that cannot itself be corrected. Now this is all fine if they are true. But if they resist correction by data inasmuch as they may have been distorted from original tradition (compare how the Bible’s manuscripts have come down to us with variations and how in that sense they are distorted; what is the likelihood that the Church’s tradition hasn’t had that kind of distortion as well?), then there are serious problems. The problem with Protestant traditions is that they tend to deny that they are traditions and then impose themselves very rigidly on people (e.g. there is a sense in which sola scriptura is at odds with the other solas because the others limit our ability to critique them using sola scriptura; logically, then, you could say you believe in sola scriptura but deny what scripture teaches because you have an a priori commitment to sola fide or some such).

I say all this knowing that there are some seriously good reasons to doubt the doctrine of sola scriptura, and that Christ did speak about revealing truth to his disciples. But I still don’t see how Orthodoxy can escape some of these critiques . . . in addition, I don’t want to have to affirm anything that, for one who spends a lot of time in the Greek text of the New Testament, directly contradicts what is said therein. Sorry if this is not helpful, I just am looking for a way to resolve my own doubts regarding the unity of the early church.

Prometheus

 

Part II.  My Response to Prometheus:

Prometheus,

Thank you for your thoughtful comment.  Rather than respond with another long comment, I think it would be better if I wrote a response article.  I titled this article “Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?” because the basic question you posed in your comment comes down to whether the same problems in Protestantism – disagreement, disunity, and schism — can likewise be found in Orthodoxy.

 

“Without a Controlling Body of Tradition”

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

Your attempt to liken the Bible to the works of William Shakespeare while interesting doesn’t touch upon the central problem of hermeneutics.  The greatest controversy over Shakespeare’s works has more to do with authorship than with how to interpret his plays.  I would agree with you that as a literary work the Bible is accessible to the intelligent reader and does not require a key to decode its message.  But you overstate your position when you say that Scripture can be understood “without a controlling body of tradition.”

 

 

constitution_quill_penThis would be akin to saying that one can read and understand the US Constitution apart from the entity called the United States of America or apart from the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court.  Hypothetically, a group of Africans or Asians could find the US Constitution inspiring and organize their particular village along the lines of the Constitution but this would be farthest thing than what the Founding Fathers had in mind when they drafted it!  There is currently a controversy between the originalist and the progressive readings of the First Amendment establishment clause.  As it became problematic to assert that the Founding Fathers had intended a church-state separation (the originalist approach), separationists find themselves resorting to a progressive/evolutionary reading of the Constitution, i.e., to read the First Amendment in light of the Founding Fathers’ “progressively evolving intentions” (see Grenda).  The most salient or most critical question here is whether the Bible is just a human document like the US Constitution subject to changing circumstances or divinely inspired as has been recognized by the Church.

When you used the phrase “without a controlling body of tradition,” you seem to imply that the Bible can be read apart from the Qahal/Ecclesia (assembly of the faithful).  This could lead to anachronistic views, e.g., the Gospels written as modern biography or Genesis and Exodus were written as scientific history.  Divorcing these biblical books from their social and ecclesial contexts leads to all sorts of difficulties.  For example, the creation account in Genesis becomes susceptible to a dogmatic literal six 24 hour day interpretation.  Also, the Gospels then become subject to modern historiography that supposedly underlie the quest for the historical Jesus.  So are you sure you want to divorce Scripture from the ecclesial context as you imply with the statement that Scripture can be read apart from “a controlling body of tradition”?

Let me ask an empirical question: Did there exist in the early Church a “controlling body of tradition”?  The answer is: Yes.  The early Church had the Regula Fidei (Rule of Faith) – a shared set of beliefs and metanarrative about Jesus Christ and the redemption of the cosmos.  If you are interested, there is Paul Blowers’ article “The Regula Fidei and the Narrative Character of Early Christian Faith” in which he discussed the complex character of the Regula Fidei among the early Christians.  The article is nuanced and sophisticated in its use of early Christian sources and its interaction with modern scholars like N.T. Wright.  I urge you to read it and learn more about the “controlling body of tradition” in the early Church.  The only criticism I have of Blowers’ article is that he overlooked or neglected the critical role played by early liturgical worship in the telling and transmission of the Regula Fidei.  The Regula Fidei was more than a set of teachings, it was also a set of practices: liturgical worship, Eucharist, Baptism, and baptismal creeds.  The Regula Fidei was lived out through the worship life of the church Sunday by Sunday.  The early Christians received it as part of a tradition received from the Apostles, not something excavated from the Biblical text.  Scripture was part of a received tradition and interpreted from the standpoint of that received tradition.

Let me ask you a normative question: Is there a need for a “controlling body of tradition”?  If the Scriptures were written as a covenant document, then the answer is: Yes.  Jesus’ claim to being the Messiah, his instituting the Lord’s Supper and his Great Commission all point to covenant language.  The Bible is binding not just because it’s inspired by the Holy Spirit but also because it is a covenant document written under the authority of the suzerain for a covenant community.  Genesis and Exodus were patterned after the suzerain treaties of the ancient Near East.  Similarly, the prophetic books written by Isaiah and Jeremiah would be incomprehensible unless one knew of the covenant obligations set forth in Exodus and Deuteronomy.  Now if there exist a covenant and a covenant people, then there must be a established authority structure for the interpretation of the covenant document (Scripture).  You seem to imply that there is no need for a covenant leadership structure for the reading of Scripture.  It would be like saying a non-American can read and adequately understand the US Constitution just as much as an American citizen.  It would be like a law professor telling his students they could if they pleased ignore the rulings of the Supreme Court.  Is that what you are trying to say?  I hope not.  But if you do agree with my position that the Bible must be read as a covenant document meant to frame and guide life in a covenant community then we must ask: Where is that covenant community is to be found?  This leads to your questions as to whether Orthodoxy is all that different from Protestantism.

 

Non-Historic Churches versus Historic Churches

The main point I wanted to put across in “Deja Vu All Over Again” was that Protestantism is especially prone to conflicting interpretations and to church splits.  This is not to say there were no divisions or different theologies among the early Christians but that there is a distinctly different quality about Protestantism in comparison with the historic Christian churches: Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and the Oriental Orthodox churches.

Historic Churches

There are two types of churches: (1) historic churches that can trace their histories back to the original Apostles and (2) non-historic churches that have no direct ties to the original Apostles.  For example, among the historic churches there are three major options: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholicism, and Oriental Orthodox.  The Antiochian Orthodox claims to have roots going back to Acts 11.  Roman Catholicism claims that St. Peter founded the church in Rome.  And the Coptic Orthodox Church claims that the Evangelist Mark founded the church in Egypt in AD 55.

It is a sad fact that these churches are no longer in communion with each other.  Thus, if the new convert were to decide which church to make their home, they would need to examine some basic issues.  With respect to the difference between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism one key issue is the Pope’s claim to a universal authority over all Christians and his claim to infallibility.  With respect to Orthodoxy one would have to look at Orthodoxy’s claim to have preserved the Apostolic Faith intact over the past two millennia.  With respect to the Oriental Orthodox one would need to decide whether or not the Oriental Orthodox were right in rejecting the Christological definitions put forward at the Fourth Ecumenical Council and by Pope Leo in his Tome.  Also, one must reckon with the fact that Oriental Orthodoxy has a very small presence in the US and Europe compared with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism.

A modern day inquirer who reads extensively might raise the issue of lesser known groups like the Old Believers who separated from the Russian Orthodox Church or the Sedevacantists or Old Catholics who separated from the Roman Catholic Church.  In addition, there are Celtic Catholic churches and Celtic Evangelical churches.  From a practical standpoint these groups are miniscule splinter groups.

If someone were to ask me how to find the true Church, I would answer: Start with the Book of Acts then follow the historical evidence that leads to where the Church is today.  Following the Apostles and their generation of disciples we find the Apostolic Fathers like Clement of Rome, Polycarp, Ignatius of Antioch, and the book The Didache.  Then a little later we find the Apologists: Athenagoras, Justin Martyr, Diognetus, Tertullian, etc.  By the time of 200s and 300s we come across the more well known Church Fathers: Irenaeus of Lyons, Athanasius the Great, John Chrysostom, Augustine of Hippo, et al.  From the fourth to the sixth centuries we encounter the Ecumenical Councils.  The task of the inquirer is to sift through the complex interweaving strands of debates, theological terms, and personalities and discern which particular group held fast to the Apostolic Faith.  In addition to the primary sources one can make use of J.N.D. Kelly’s Early Christian Doctrines, Jaroslav Pelikan’s five volume The Christian Doctrine, and a church history text like Willison Walker’s A History of the Christian Church.

If this seems all too overwhelming there are three crux issues the inquirer can examine: (1) the two natures of Christ controversy and Leo’s Tome (Chalcedonian versus Non-Chalcedonian), (2) the Filioque clause (Roman Catholicism versus Eastern Orthodoxy), and (3) sola fide and sola scriptura (Roman Catholicism versus Protestantism).

For most people I recommend they visit the Liturgy of the local Orthodox parish and ask: Is this the same way the early Christian worship?  Is the faith taught at the Liturgy the Apostolic Faith?

 

Non-Historic Churches

Luther Invoking Sola Scriptura at the Diet of Wurms

Luther Breaking Ties with the Roman Catholic Church

Protestantism comprises churches that have no historic ties going back to the original Apostles.  Protestantism’s historic roots only goes as far as 1500 because of their rejection of Rome’s magisterium and because of Rome’s excommunication of Luther and his followers.  The fact that Protestants are denied access to Communion in the Roman Catholic Church is a visible sign of their broken ties with the original Apostles.

So if a new Christian convert were to look at the Yellow Pages listing of Protestant churches, he or she would have many decisions to make.  Take baptism, should baptism be by total immersion or is sprinkling okay?  If the former, then one should become a Baptist; if the latter, then one should become a Presbyterian or Methodist.  And if one desires one’s children to be baptized then the Baptists are definitely out, and one should consider the Lutherans or Anglicans.  If one believes in predestination then one should join a Reformed church but if one believes in free will then one should join either the Baptists or Methodists.  Then if one wanted to become Lutheran, one has a choice of ELCA, Missouri Synod, and Wisconsin Synod.  If one wants to become a Presbyterian, one has many more choices: PCUSA, PCA, OPC, RCA, CREC, ECO, Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, etc.  If one wants to be a Baptist, one has the choice of Southern Baptist, American Baptist, General Baptist, Freewill Baptist, or Landmark Baptist. Then, one also has to decide whether one should be a Pentecostal if one wants to experience the Holy Spirit or if one wishes to see signs and wonders. Or another issue is whether one is interested in social justice, if that is the case then one will wish to check out the more liberal mainline liberal churches.  More recently, there have been differences over whether sexual morality should be redefined and whether hell is real. The problem here is choice, choices, and even more choices!

From my experience as an Orthodox Christian I can say there is substantial agreement with respect to theology, worship, and practice.  Among the Eastern Orthodox churches the differences are mostly that of ethnic origins: Greek, Russian, Syrian, Bulgarian, etc.  One will not find differences in worship style, like contemporary praise band versus ‘traditional’ hymns, or high church versus low church.  If there are disagreements among Orthodox it is likely to be over pews versus no pews, or mixed language services versus all English services, or old calendar versus new calendar.  These differences are minor compared to fundamental theological issues that split Protestant churches.  This shows up most clearly in their worship. Many Protestants within the same denomination will not allow another pastor to substitute for the one they have now because they do not trust one another theologically. But Greek, ROCOR, OCA, and Antiochian Orthodox priests get a pass to substitute in leading the liturgy for each other in a routine way. Their differences are most administrative.

 

The Messiness of History

You asked: In light of the messiness of church history, how do I know which church is the true church?  Among the historic churches you have three choices: Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Oriental Orthodoxy.  You should study the issue the best you can, ask God for wisdom and discernment, and then make your commitment.  Some might point out that I am advocating the use of private judgment and that “everyone knows” that private judgment is very prone to error.  My response is that I am advocating personal judgment on the basis that even fallen human beings have the ability to think and to make choices, and that God desires that no one perish (2 Peter 3:9).  The Orthodox doctrine of synergy recognizes our ability to respond to God’s gracious initiative even despite our fallen condition.

You complained: It doesn’t seem that Orthodoxy gives any clear stability when there is a crisis.  I’m not sure what you mean by that.  Do you wish that there was a five point formula by which an early Christian could check off to determine if a bishop or council went rogue?  The controversies that wracked the early Church can be considered growing pains as the early Christians sought to understand the mysteries of the Incarnation and the Trinity.  Out of these controversies the Latin and Byzantine churches emerged with a theological consensus informed by the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils.  The tragedy of the Non-Chalcedonian churches may lie in the fact that these church bodies lay outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire.  Similarly, the Schism of 1054 has roots in the growing cultural difference between the Latin West and the Byzantine East.

If you are wondering what advice I would give to a Christian caught up in such circumstances in the early Church, I would say: “Follow your bishop so long as he in communion with the Bishop of Rome and the other ancient patriarchates.”  I would not say: “Read the Bible for yourself and make up your own mind on the matter.”  The main thing is that the battles that led to the Ecumenical Councils are over and done with.  We can visit the site of Gettysburg Battle and learn important lessons, but we don’t need to recreate the battle by shooting live bullets and bayoneting fellow Americans all over again!

My apologia for Eastern Orthodoxy is basically that the Holy Spirit guided the early Church, protected her against heresy, and that correct doctrine can be found in the Seven Ecumenical Councils.   Second, the unity of the early Church was manifested in the Pentarchy comprised of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.  I reject Oriental Orthodoxy because they do not formally accept all Seven Ecumenical Councils and that their rejection of Leo’s Tome and the Fourth Council resulted in schism with the Pentarchy.  I reject Roman Catholicism because I came to the conclusion that the insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed was an unauthorized theological and liturgical innovation.  And, when it came to the issue of the Filioque I had to choose between Rome and the other four historic patriarchates.  Was Rome alone right and the other four wrong?  And who changed?  Rome or the other four patriarchates?  My conclusion is that despite Rome’s long history of doctrinal conservatism, by the year 1054 the Bishop of Rome went his own way when he unilaterally inserted a doctrinal novelty the Filioque into the Nicene Creed and refused to heed the objections of his fellow patriarchs. This also set a pattern that haunts Rome to this day in yielding to the pressure of social and for political power. 

History is messy but one has to make a choice.  Central to my critiques of Protestant theology is that its principle of sola scriptura is fundamentally flawedSola Scriptura renders Protestantism theologically incoherent and ecclesially fractured.  This is based on a historical and sociological analysis.  I am willing to debate the issue but my question to those who disagree is: Then what do you see is the underlying cause of Protestantism’s fissiparous nature?  Those who wish to remain Protestant should be able to give a good theologically sound apologia or else their position ends up becoming: I’m Protestant because I like being a Protestant, not because I have good reasons for being Protestant.  

I often wonder if people confuse the statement “the Orthodox Church is the true Church” with “the Orthodox Church is a perfect Church.”  It seems that the expectation is that if Orthodoxy is true then it will never have experienced schism, no breakaway groups, and no bishop or patriarch espousing heresy.  Rather, the Orthodox Church is a battle scarred survivor that despite its great suffering and great conflicts has faithfully held fast to the Apostle Tradition for two thousand years.

You alleged that my faith is not so much in Tradition as in the Orthodox Church.  You wrote: “Your faith, then, seems to be not in the Orthodox tradition being less messy, but in the Orthodox church itself.”  My response to that is: My trust is in Jesus Christ who is faithful to his promises that (1) he would establish his Church which would withstand the gates of Hell (Matthew 16:18) and that (2) he would send the Holy Spirit to guide his Church into all truth (John 16:13).


Protestant Diagnostics

You wrote that the problem with Protestantism is that they deny having traditions and that this leads them to impose their traditions “very rigidly” on people.  You also asserted that the good use of tradition calls for critical appropriation of tradition and against competing interpretations at the time.

The good use of interpretive tradition in literature includes an ability to critique that tradition when it butts up against the literature or other information we can gather from the time period.

Such an approach would lead to revisiting of ancient theological controversies settled by the early Church Councils, e.g., Arianism (the denial of Christ’s full divinity), Modalism (the denial of the Trinity), Montanism (ecstatic prophecy equally authoritative to Scripture), or Gnosticism (the denial of the bodily resurrection of Christ).  Protestantism’s lack of a binding interpretive tradition has opened the door to these ancient heresies.  Are you calling for an open hermeneutics that allow for these views?

I suspect that you may be arguing for an open hermeneutics that can provide balance to extreme positions like the young earth creationism reading of Genesis popular among Evangelicals.  The problem here is that certain Evangelicals in their zeal to uphold the authority and inspiration of Scripture have elevated certain interpretation of Scripture to the level of dogma apart of the Church Catholic.  Lacking the binding authority of the Ecumenical Councils and falling back on the opinions of certain individuals or denominational groups Protestant hermeneutics has become profoundly and tragically fragmented.  The proper diagnosis here is not the absence of a flexible interpretive tradition.  Rather, what is tragically missing is the absence of a universally binding interpretive Holy Apostolic Tradition that provides unity and constrains extreme interpretations of Scripture.

To return to the debate between the two Presbyterian groups in Fr. Andrew’s article “My Presbyterian Field Trip,” the PCUSA and ECO, how does your proposal for a flexible and self-critical interpretive tradition prove helpful?  Is it not a fact that the PCUSA as a denomination has been quite open to new interpretations?  Would you then agree with those calling for a Third Way that for all these years the Christian Church’s prohibition against homosexuality has been based on a misreading of Scripture?  Would you also then assert that conservatives like ECO are too rigid in their interpretive tradition?   Would you like Adam Hamilton call for a local option in which there is freedom to “agree to disagree”?  Your possibilities, if you are Protestant, are legion and troubling.

 

 

Greek New Testament

Greek New Testament

Greek New Testament

You suggested that textual variation in Bible manuscripts are distortions that require corrections, and that the original Apostolic Tradition has in a similar fashion undergone distortion and thus require a similar kind of correction.  You are exaggerating the situation here.  Yes, there have been transmission errors but the text we have today is recognizably similar to the original text. For your analogy to hold there ought to have been a pattern of multiple textual traditions resulting in several different New Testaments with several different kerygmas (core messages).  More apropos is the struggle in the early Church to define the New Testament canon, especially to exclude heretical books.  Can you imagine if different churches had different canons and different creeds?!  Fortunately, that was not the case.  The early bishops did such a good job that the pseudepigrapha have become little known curiosities.  Why? Because the Holy Spirit led the Church as Christ promised He would. Otherwise you would now have canonical chaos. The fact that the biblical canon is more or less a settled matter is something most Christians take for granted.

You closed with the statement that you don’t want to affirm anything that contradicts the Greek text of the New Testament.  That is why it is important for someone in your position to check out Orthodoxy before committing to the Orthodox Church.  I suggest you make a list of Orthodox teachings or New Testament passages that you find problematic, then write to me using the Contact form provided on the Home Page.  Or you can forward these questions to an Orthodox priest knowledgeable in these matters or an Orthodox seminary professor.

Should you begin to seriously consider becoming Orthodox, the issue you will need to confront is the Orthodox Church’s stance that the Byzantine Text is the preferred text for teaching and instructing in the faith.  Keep in mind that Orthodox scholars do use the Critical Text for their research so conversion to Orthodoxy might not be all that restrictive for someone in your position.  If you have any further question on this matter, I suggest you write to an Orthodox seminary professor who engages in biblical studies.

 

Into the Fire?

Is Orthodoxy theologically coherent?  In comparison to the diversity of beliefs and practices found in mainline Protestantism and popular Evangelicalism, the Orthodox Church is remarkably coherent.  If one talks with an Orthodox priest one will find consistency with respect to their Christology, doctrine of the Trinity, the real presence in the Eucharist, the liturgical form of worship, the sinfulness of abortion and same sex marriage.  And what Orthodox priests teach will be consistent with the teachings of the early Church Fathers.  What inquirers need to keep in mind is that the divisions among the historic churches are quite few in comparison with Protestantism.  Furthermore, the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox churches have demonstrated a doctrinal and liturgical stability remarkable in comparison to that found in Western Christianity, both Roman Catholic and Protestant.  So to answer the question: Is converting from Protestantism to Orthodoxy like jumping out of the frying pan into the fire?  My answer is: No.  Orthodoxy has its problems but it has a stability of faith and worship that bears witness to its faithfulness to Apostolic Tradition.

Robert Arakaki

Resources

Paul M. Blowers.  1997.  “The Regula Fidei and the Narrative Character of Early Christian Faith,” Pro Ecclesia 6, pp. 199-228.

Christopher S. Grenda.  2013.  “Giving Up on the Founding: The Separation of Church and State and the Writing of Establishment Clause HistoryPolitics and Religion (June), pp. 402-434.

 

Déjà Vu All Over Again

Yogi

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fr. Andrew Stephen Damick recently wrote “My Presbyterian Field Trip: A Fragmenting Tradition” in which he described a meeting at a church that was considering leaving the mainline Presbyterian Church (USA) for the smaller, more conservative ECO (A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians).  The leader of the ECO was there to make the case for the move and a prominent member of the Missions Department of the PCUSA was there to urge the congregation to remain where they were.

My reaction to Fr. Andrew’s article was: “It’s déjà vu all over again.”  As I read the article my mind went back to the early 1990s when my former home church had a meeting over whether to leave or stay in the liberal United Church of Christ (UCC).  The UCC has historic roots going back to Puritan New England.  The current controversy troubling the PCUSA faithful is nothing new.  It is part of a widespread Protestant crisis-dynamic growing over the past several decades. As a matter of fact, this divisive-dynamic has been endemic to the Protestantism since its inception.

 

Source: Jacob Lupfer "Is the PCUSA *That* Liberal?"

Source: Jacob Lupfer “Is the PCUSA *That* Liberal?”

Questions That Cannot Be Overlooked

As an interested outsider Fr. Andrew was able to see aspects of the theological dialogue that the participants were not aware of.

The differences between the two speakers were not always stark.  For example, the PCUSA representative identified himself as an Evangelical.  He noted that the PCUSA recognizes the authority of Scripture but that question was how one interprets Scripture.  Fr. Andrew recognized this as a fundamental question that needed to be addressed but to his disappointment the ECO representative “just left it on the ground and essentially repeated himself.”

Probably one of the most insightful and probing question was the one posed by Fr. Andrew’s friend.

A related question was asked by my acquaintance (who works on the pastoral staff of the church), who inquired of the man from the PCUSA whether a tradition that has embraced as much diversity as they have can actually remain a coherent tradition. That was probably the biggest and most probing question of the evening, but it basically went unanswered.

Fr. Andrew recognized this as a crucial question that needed to be addressed, but because he was a visitor he remained quiet.  In his mind came another question:

The question I would have liked to ask (and I did not, because I didn’t think it was my place; I was just an observer with no stake in the proceedings) would have been this: “How do you know that your interpretation of Scripture is the right one?

Yet Father Damick’s question would likely have been ignored because Protestants have been trained to focus on Scripture and to ignore the critical role of tradition in our reading of Scripture.  The issue of hermeneutics is something many Protestants are not prepared to question.

The Orthodox friend (former Presbyterian) who emailed me Fr. Andrew’s article asked: Why don’t they get it?  Why aren’t they asking these questions?  I wrote back saying that the two Presbyterian speakers were speaking from within their Protestant paradigm, and to ask deeper questions about the process by which one interprets Scripture and the criteria by which we know we have the right interpretation of Scripture would be far too unsettling and destabilizing for many Protestants.

 

vertigo-chiropractic-TMD-260x200

The planetary axis of my Evangelical worldview tilted sideways when I began to question the hermeneutical basis for Protestant theology.  The spread of theological liberalism in the United Church of Christ prompted me to join the Biblical Witness Fellowship, an Evangelical renewal group, and to go to Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary.  I wanted to be part of movement that would reverse the situation.  I knew that critical to the reform of the UCC was bringing it back to its biblical and Reformation roots.  However, as I considered the plurality of interpretive traditions within Protestantism, the diversity of confessional standards within the Reformed tradition, and their discrepancy with the unity of the early Church I could sense the tectonic plates shifting underneath my theology.  

 

look-bible

 

 

 

 

 

Scripture + Interpretation = Tradition

Many people assume that we just read the Bible but things are not that simple.  As we read the Bible we seek to understand what it means and in doing this we engage in the act of interpretation (hermeneutics).  Many people enjoy reading the Bible in the privacy of their own home but the fact is we all belong to a faith community (local church).  As we seek to follow the teachings of Scripture we join with others who share the same understanding of what the Bible teaches.  This shared understanding of what the Bible teaches is tradition.  Some people desire to be free of human tradition, but there is no escaping tradition.  Every local church has a shared tradition.  A shared tradition is what brings coherence to the local church.  This is a sociological reality.  If this were not the case, the local church would be like a Christian bookstore full of customers with no commitment to their fellow customers.

It is oversimplifying things to say: Our church is based on the Bible.  It would be more accurate to say: Our church is based on someone’s interpretation of the Bible.  For example, the popular “non-denomination” Calvary Chapel is based on Pastor Chuck Smith’s reading of the Bible.  As a gifted bible teacher he soon drew a faithful following that in time became a church – Calvary Chapel, Costa Mesa. As Chuck Smith’s teachings were disseminated over the radio and he trained younger men like Greg Laurie and Mike MacIntosh Calvary became a denomination – Calvary Chapel Association.  Interestingly, while Calvary Chapel claims to have no theological tradition, it has a set of “distinctives.”

Every Protestant group believes their own tradition interprets Scripture rightly.  The names: Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Lutheran, Baptist, Holiness, Anglican, etc., all refer to a particular interpretive tradition of the Bible.  Differences in interpretations have led to new traditions and to church splits and new church groups giving rise to Protestantism’s perennial crisis.  This includes even the two Presbyterian splinter groups here.  Both PCUSA and ECO believe the Bible to  be the word of God,  they just interpret it differently which leads to the question: Who has the right interpretation?

This was the problem I faced when I took part in Evangelical-Liberal dialogues in the UCC.  Rather than resort to detailed exegesis of the Greek text – the methodology of biblical studies, I argued for the Evangelical position making use of historical theology.  I sought to show that it was the Evangelicals, not the Liberals, who were in historical continuity with the Protestant Reformers, and with the early Church Fathers and Ecumenical Councils.  This strategy was to have surprising consequences for my Protestant theology.

 

By What Authority?

Unlike much of popular Evangelicalism which claims to be free of tradition, historic Protestant groups like the Presbyterians still see value in traditions like creeds.  Yet despite their holding to historic confessions, a critically aware Reformed Christian cannot avoid certain unsettling questions.  Fr. Andrew notes:

What exactly does a Presbyterian denominationalist point to say “This is the true Presbyterianism” or “This is the true Presbyterian church”? There are the various confessions and statements, of course, but no Reformed denomination is wholly faithful to them. After all, the ECO wants to be faithful to Presbyterian tradition by nixing homosexual sex yet wants to depart from that same tradition by ordaining women. If one element of tradition can be revised, why should another be sacrosanct? And on what authority were those original Reformed confessions ratified, anyway?

While Presbyterianism does have confessions but what good is it to have confessional statements if certain elements of the denomination disregard them for newer interpretations of Scripture?  If the Reformation began with Luther putting forward a new interpretation of Romans against medieval Roman Catholicism, what is to stop subsequent generations of Protestants from putting forward newer interpretations that challenge the current status quo?  Questions like these have caused increasing numbers of long-time Protestants to take a critical look at the hermeneutical basis for Reformed theology.

 

Protestantism’s Perennial Crisis

The theological crisis Fr. Andrew witnessed at his friend’s PCUSA church has been going on for a long time.  It was there in the UCC in the 1990s.  It occurred earlier with the formation of the PCA (Presbyterian Church in America) in the 1970s.  It came to a head in the Episcopal Church in the early 2000s when Gene Robinson was made bishop.

It is happening now in other denominations.  Two years ago in the United Methodist Church the Rev. Adam Hamilton called for the “local option” that would allow churches to “agree to disagree” on the denomination’s stance on homosexuality.  Surprisingly, it is happening in the conservative Southern Baptist denomination.  This year, a Southern Baptist pastor, Danny Cortez, called for a Third Way in which people could “agree to disagree” on the issue of homosexuality.  Subsequent to the church’s vote to retain him as pastor, the Southern Baptist Convention’s Executive Committee voted to disfellowship Pastor Cortez’s church.  This theological crisis is likely to go on for years to come.  On both sides are people who affirm the authority of Scripture but disagree over how to interpret Scripture.  What is a confused Protestant to do?

 

The Bosphorus Strait

The Bosphorus Strait

A Way Out of the Hermeneutical Chaos

When I was studying the early church I came across a statement by Irenaeus of Lyons that haunted me as a Protestant.  Irenaeus wrote Against Heresies at a time when the early Church was faced with the Gnostic heresy.

He wrote:

Having received this preaching and this faith, as I have said, the Church, although scattered in the whole world, carefully preserves it, as if living in one house.  She believes these things [everywhere] alike, as if she had but one heart and one soul, and preaches them harmoniously, teaches them, and hands them down, as if she had but one mouth.   Source

Though it had many problems and was full of sinners, the early Church was united in faith.   This is so different from modern Protestantism which is tragically divided and confused.  In contrast to modern Protestantism’s plurality of interpretive traditions, the early Church had resources for preserving a coherent reading of Scripture.  It had the office of the bishop grounded in apostolic succession, the “rule of faith” (creed) which was taught to those about to undergo baptism, the Ecumenical Councils which settled matters of theological controversy, and the Liturgy which framed the reading of Scripture.  All these together comprise Holy Tradition.  Scripture is understood to be embedded within the Apostolic Tradition from which it emerged and safeguarded and passed on by the Church.  Holy Tradition is in reality, life of the Holy Spirit who indwells the Church founded by Christ himself (Matthew 16:18).

Like many other Protestants frustrated with Protestantism’s hermeneutical chaos I began to critically reexamine sola scriptura and in the process was drawn to the early Church.  As a way of responding to the crisis spawned by Protestantism’s theological incoherence I wrote two research papers that enabled me to make the critical transition from the Reformed tradition to Orthodoxy:

Protestantism’s Fatal Genetic Flaw: Protestantism’s Sola Scriptura and Protestantism’s Hermeneutical Chaos,” and

If Not Sola Scriptura, Then What?  The Biblical Basis for Holy Tradition.”

Like thousands of others before and after me I crossed the Bosphorus and became Orthodox.  In Orthodoxy’s ancient Faith we have found safe haven in the Church.  For those troubled by Protestantism’s theological woes, Orthodoxy offers the stability of an ancient Faith that has withstood the test of time and cultural shifts.

Robert Arakaki

 

Evangelicals Talking With Orthodox

 

Billy Graham and Metropolitan Hilarion (2014)

“God grant you many years!”     sung version

Evangelicals Talking With Orthodox

In early November 2014, Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev of the Russian Orthodox Church visited the Rev. Billy Graham to wish him a happy 96th birthday. The visit was more than a symbolic gesture. Soon afterward, Metropolitan Hilarion delivered a speech to a group of Evangelical leaders at a forum organized by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. In his address Metropolitan Hilarion reviewed the Russian Orthodox Church’s interaction with American Protestantism.

Among the vivid testimonies to the good cooperation between the Moscow Patriarchate and American Christians is our friendship with Billy Graham’s Evangelistic Association, the founder of which has visited Russia several times. We appreciated the understanding that representatives of the Association and the Rev. Graham personally expressed towards the stand taken by the Russian Orthodox Church in various historical periods.  Source

He further noted that Orthodox and Evangelicals need to work more closely to uphold traditional biblical morality.

Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev addressing American Evangelicals (2014)

Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev addressing American Evangelicals (2014)    Speech

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Billy Graham and Russia

Billy Graham Being Received by the Patriarch of Moscow

Billy Graham’s interest in Russia goes back as early as 1959 when he made a personal visit to Moscow and prayed for Russia at Red Square (p. 232). In 1992, Billy Graham returned to Russia to conduct a three day evangelistic crusade (p. 235).

Billy Graham’s passion for preaching the Good News of Jesus Christ is not incompatible with Orthodoxy.

Metropolitan Kallistos Ware noted:

The Orthodox have always had good cooperation with Billy Graham. When Billy Graham went to Russia, he was received by the patriarch, because he worked on the principle that those who came forward to make a commitment to Christ at his preaching were handed over to the clergy of their own church. He did not try to set up his own evangelical communities that would be rivals to the Orthodox. (Christianity Today) (St. Elias Church)

After decades of Soviet rule some of the Orthodox Christians have succumbed to nominalism and preachers like Billy Graham have played an important role in renewing their faith in Christ. What is important to Orthodoxy is the fact that Rev. Graham has been respectful of the Orthodox Church. His goal has been to bring people to faith in Christ, not establish rival Evangelical Churches as an alternative to the historic Russian Orthodox Church.

Ecumenicism Through Personal Friendship

Billy Graham approached ecumenicism through personal friendship rather than through theological negotiation. David Aikman in Billy Graham: His Life and Influence (2007) tells how Billy Graham met the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Pimen, in 1982 and 1984. In 1988, Billy Graham visited Patriarch Pimen by his bedside as he lay dying. He recounted:

I sat by his side for a long time and held his hand. . . . . He told me again, as he had on an earlier visit, that he wanted his priests to learn how to preach evangelistic sermons. I prayed with him as my brother in Christ. (Aikman 2007:168)

 

Billy Graham’s Example

I was delighted when I saw the picture of Billy Graham with Metropolitan Hilarion. This is a wonderful example of Evangelical-Orthodox friendship. If Billy Graham is open to talking with Metropolitan Hilarion, it then follows that Evangelicals should also be open to talking with Orthodox Christians and making friends with Orthodox Christians.

Probably the biggest impediment to Evangelical-Orthodox dialogue is ignorance. Many Evangelicals are unaware of the existence of Orthodoxy. Fortunately, this situation is changing as growing numbers of Protestants and Evangelicals are learning of Orthodoxy’s ancient roots and its liturgical style of worship.

At first sight Orthodoxy looks strange, foreign, or exotic to many Evangelicals. That is because so many Evangelicals do not know of Christianity’s ancient roots. Once they get over their initial shock Evangelical inquirers will be pleasantly surprised to find there are former Protestants and Evangelicals among the Orthodox. These former Protestants can explain the ancient Christian faith in terms familiar to Evangelicals. They thus become a bridge between two important religious traditions. For Evangelicals looking for something more the Orthodox response is: Come and see!

Robert Arakaki

 

See also

Rod Dreher. “An Orthodox-Evangelical Alliance?” In The American Conservative

Shirwood Eliot Wirt.  Billy: A Personal Look at Billy Graham (1997) Ch. 26

Robert Arakaki.  “Which Path to Church Unity: Recognition vs Reception

 

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